Who knew you could learn so much from blog comments? As long as you're willing to do follow up fact checking that is. Here's what I know now that I didn't know before:
1. A cirrus cloud with a sun dog is evidence of a warm, moist air mass sitting on top of a very cold air mass
2. The index of refraction of the two masses is different enough to produce optical refractive effects
3. If there is not a lot of turbulence these masses of air will stay separated with a distinct boundary
I think all that work in grad school doing mixing problems on North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water and all those other specific named masses of water in the ocean makes me believe that air can behave the same way. Sonar is affected by the refraction of these layers of the ocean so I can easily accept that shock waves could create refraction on an order that would produce optical effects in the sky. So time to make a video. I'm going to assume that a shock wave would perturb this interface between the denser cold air and the lighter warm air just like dropping something in a pool of water disturbs that surface. I want to simulate the rocket's presumed 11 shock waves. I decided to use 11 airgun pellets inside a straw to create this effect. Of course on such a small scale it's going to have to be really slowed down for us to see anything. I shot it at 210 frames per second. That got me close to one frame per pellet.
**** update: my video server went down so no video anymore ****
I isolated individual frames to see if that numbering each wave thing seems valid. Right off the bat you see that as the first pellet hits the water there are multiple visible rings in the shadow. I don't believe that one shock wave equals one sine wave. There is a point where it is very tempting to count them off as they are so orderly, but then it just sort of goes chaotic. This wouldn't be such a problem with a supersonic vehicle though. It's heading into clean air. My water was pretty jumpy by the time all the pellets were wet.
In retrospect I suppose I should have counted each pellet as two shock waves -- the front breaking the water and the back where the water closes over it, but some off them fell kind of stuck together. But the demonstration still shows a few useful things.
1. The bright and dark rings of basic refraction from an acoustic type wave
2. The continuing movement of the fluid (and air is a fluid) after the original disturbance is gone. It has to boing back and forth a bit to dissipate the energy and regain equilibrium.
Now since this is basically a demonstration of Snell's Law I have to put in a link. All the stuff on wikipedia and the other sites is just very dry and no fun. But I found a SONG about Snell's Law that really cracked me up. I'm gonna have "n one sine theta sub one hey hey hey equals n two sin theta sub two hip hooray" stuck in my head all night now.
Thursday, February 25, 2010
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What adds an extra layer of intrigue to this demonstration is the incorporation of a sun dog, a phenomenon where a bright spot or halo appears around the Sun due to the refraction, diffraction, and reflection of sunlight by ice crystals in the atmosphere. Does chromecast work with vpnBy introducing a light source to the ripple tank experiment, the diffraction and interference patterns created by the waves can mimic the appearance of a sun dog. This intriguing connection between the sonic boom and the sun dog adds a visual element that helps participants understand the complex interplay of light and sound phenomena.
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